The <em>effective nuclear charge</em> is the difference between the atomic number an element and the shielding constant. Hence, the atom which experiences the greatest nuclear charge is Sulphur, S.
<u>Calculating the greatest effective nuclear charge</u>, :
- Z = Atomic number ; S = shielding constant
<u>For Magnesium, Mg</u>:
Z = 12
S = 10
<u>For Aluminium, Al</u>:
Z = 13
S = 10
For Sulphur, , S:
Z = 16
S = 10
Therefore, the atom whuch experience the greatest
is Sulphur.
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The cooling rate of the substance is approximately 0.0732.
According to the statement, the Newton's law of cooling is defined by the following formula:
(1)
Where:
- Final temperature, in degrees Celsius.
- Initial temperature, in degrees Celsius.
- Time, in minutes.
- Cooling rate, in
.
- Current temperature, in degrees Celsius.
Please notice that substance reaches thermal equilibrium when
, that is when temperature of the substance is equal to the temperature of surrounding air.
If we know that
,
,
and
, then the cooling rate of the substance is:





The cooling rate of the substance is approximately 0.0732.
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