The Republican Party emerged in 1854 to combat the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery into American territories. The early Republican Party consisted of African-Americans, northern white Protestants, businessmen, professionals, factory workers, and farmers.
Historians call the struggle over the images of Jesus, Mary, and other holy figures in the Byzantine Empire the Byzantine Iconoclasm or Iconoclast Controversy (in Greek <em>Eiconomachia</em>, war on icons). This was a period of conflict during the 8th and 9th century within the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire between the iconodules, those who veneer religious images of Jesus, Mary, and saints, and iconoclasts, those who oppose the veneration of images in religion because they claim it tends to idolatry. Iconoclast comes from the Greek, which means image-breaker, because during this conflict many iconoclasts destroyed religious images such as paintings and sculptures that represented Jesus, Mary, and saints.
<span>A Japanese singer releases a song that becomes a hit in Latin American countries.</span>
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The generality of Article III of the Constitution raised questions that Congress had to address in the Judiciary Act of 1789. These questions had no easy answers, and the solutions to them were achieved politically. The First Congress decided that it could regulate the jurisdiction of all Federal courts, and in the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress established with great particularity a limited jurisdiction for the district and circuit courts, gave the Supreme Court the original jurisdiction provided for in the Constitution, and granted the Court appellate jurisdiction in cases from the Federal circuit courts and from the state courts where those courts rulings had rejected Federal claims. The decision to grant Federal courts a jurisdiction more restrictive than that allowed by the Constitution represented a recognition by the Congress that the people of the United States would not find a full-blown Federal court system palatable at that time.
For nearly all of the next century the judicial system remained essentially as established by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Only after the country had expanded across a continent and had been torn apart by civil war were major changes made. A separate tier of appellate circuit courts created in 1891 removed the burden of circuit riding from the shoulders of the Supreme Court justices, but otherwise left intact the judicial structure.
Explanation:
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The Freedmen's Bureau for Refugees and Abandoned Lands was established by Congress on March 3, 1865.
