cAMP is the second messenger in the pathway.
cAMP or Cyclic AMP is a secondary messenger because it transmits signals from a receptor to a target cell. When the level increases rapidly, it starts following receptor-mediated activation of AC (adenylyl cyclase), and that catalyzes the conversion of AMP (adenosine monophosphate) to cAMP.
The cAMP pathway is also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, which is a G protein-coupled receptor that is used in the cell signaling process. It works by activating protein kinase A. Therefore, cAMP is considered a secondary messenger which also regulates various cellular functions like cell growth, cell differentiation, etc.
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Biotic factors are living things within an ecosystem; such as plants, animals, and bacteria, while abiotic are non-living components; such as water, soil and atmosphere.
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Phloem is responsible for carrying the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the non-photosynthetic parts of the plant. As leaves die off, and photosynthesis is slowly reduced and then halted, phloem will no longer need to carry the sugars from the leaves into storage. Once the leaves die off the tree. As the tree prepares for winter it also produces ice nucleators and antifreezes that help keep the tree's sap from freezing in the winter.
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