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The idea that states can declare a federal law unconstitutional is called Nullification
<em>Nullification, in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional with respect to the United States Constitution (as opposed to the state's own constitution).</em>
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The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. Independently discovered in 1851 by William Kelly, the process had also been used outside of Europe for hundreds of years, but not on an industrial scale.
The Europeans came into contact with African slave traders while exploring the coast of Africa.