They where both different and both made a difference
Here you go!
1) Checks and Balances- This idea is implemented in the Constitution to ensure that no one branch of the federal government gains too much power. For example, the legislative branch(Congress) can approve a bill that will then be sent to the executive branch (President). If the president does not like the bill or thinks that it violates the rights of citizens, he/she can veto the bill. Vetoing the bill stops the bill from becoming a law. This check on power ensures that Congress makes laws that do not violate the rights of citizens.
2) Anti-Federalists do not want to ratify the Constitution unless it includes a Bill of Rights. The Anti-Federalists are worried that the Constitution gives too much power to the federal government. Having a strong central government caused problems when the US was still part of Great Britain. This is why the Anti-federalists are fearful of this type of system.
3) Federalists want a new constitution passed because it will fix America's weak political structure. Before the US Constitution is implemented, the constitution being used is known as the Articles of Confederation. This constitution has an extremely weak central government, allowing for disunity among the states.
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Reconstruction was the period between the end of the Civil War in 1865 and 1877, when the Democrats returned to power in the southern states. During this period, Republicans tried to guarantee a whole series of civil and political rights to African Americans, such as citizenship, the right to vote, and social equality against whites.
But when Reconstruction ended, all the advances in this regard were put aside by the Democrats, who established a segregation system based on the Jim Crow Laws, which, although they guaranteed African Americans certain rights (since they were established in the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution), made them inaccessible and of much lower quality than those of the whites. In addition, a series of mechanisms of institutional violence were established, such as the Klu Klux Klan, through which African Americans were even more limited in their rights.
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