Answer:
Is the correlation among stimulus (one natural and another from the environment).
Explanation:
Ivan Pavlov, worked with dogs. He was testing a learning path in the area of conduct ism.
1.- First he tried a bell (this is the environment stimulus) to feed dogs (salivation is the natural stimulus).
2.- By passing the time, the reinforcement of the environmental stimulus make that the dogs start salivation just by the sound of the bell, does not matter if they have food or not.
3.- In this way he probed that learning is based in following and repeating some conducts.
Answer:
It is an example of frequency-dependent selection. Due to several cheaters in the population, the fruiting body's stalk is not made properly. So, all individuals have lesser fitness.
Explanation:
Natural selection:
The population contains both superior as well as an inferior organism where natural resources are limiting so it will cause competition between organisms. As a result of competition, it will select superiors, and inferiors are deleted and they are given reproductive advantages. Due to this reproductive advantage new population emerges. It is more suitable for the environment.
Natural selection divides into three parts that are directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection.
The given question is the example of frequency-dependent selection. Due to several cheaters in the population, the fruiting body's stalk is not made properly. So, all individuals have lesser fitness. Directional selection will not lead to fixation of cheater genotype. This is because cheating can be controlled through high relatedness in social groups, resulting from kin discrimination.
It is controlled through positive pleiotropy, where the cooperation gene has an additional vital function. Cheating will be controlled if stalk vs. spore is a result of environmental, not genetic factors. An example, spore fate can be a result of the position in the mitotic cell cycle.
Explanation:
The combined gas law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume and directly related to the temperature. If temperature is held constant, the equation is reduced to Boyle's law. Therefore, if you decrease the pressure of a fixed amount of gas, its volume will increase.
Answer: The percentage of each phenotype to be expressed is *50%* each
Explanation: In codominance, two alleles for a particular trait are equally expressed in an individual carrying it, neither an allele is dominant or recessive over the other. In this case the individual shows the two traits of the allels.
Furthermore, when 2 Christmas parrot are crossed with red and green color in an homozygous codominant trait the heterozygous F1 generation will either be red with traces of green or green showing traces of red.
If parrot 1 (Red) is represented as PR PR and parrot 2 (Green) is PG PG the cross between them will give PR PG therefore, the individual shows both traits.
