All are aspects of antibiotics resistance in bacteria.
• overuse of antibiotics in humans
• bacteria can reproduce so quickly
• any use of antibiotics will select for resistant bacteria
• overuse of antibiotics in livestock
In terms of the net reactants and products, yes, cellular respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration: Glucose and oxygen are used to make ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
Photosynthesis: ATP, carbon dioxide, and water are used to make glucose and oxygen.
However, their pathways are NOT the reverse of each other. The enzymes involved are vastly different for each, so only the net reaction is the "reverse."
Prokaryotic cells: lack membrane-bound organelles, relatively small - typically less than 10 μm in size.
Both cell types: use ribosomes to synthesize proteins, contain DNA.
Eukaryotic cells: complete copy of DNA stored in multiple chromosomes.
In particular, prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, therefore their ribosomes float freely intracellularly. On the other hand, eukaryotic cells have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Also, their DNA is bound to proteins and stored in the form of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Polysaccharides are present in all living organisms where they carry out one or more of their diverse functions. While there is no specific category or definition of a complex polysaccharide, most are structurally complex. Polysaccharides contain 1–5 different monosaccharide (sugar) units. The different sugar units may have different anomeric configurations and/or be joined by different glycosidic linkages. Polysaccharides may be linear or branched. Branches may be short saccharide units on a linear backbone or the molecule may have a branch-on-branch structure; in either case, the branches may be isolated or clustered. Polysaccharides may contain non‐carbohydrate groups. Esters or cyclic acetal groups, when present, can be removed by appropriate treatments. All polysaccharides are polydisperse, i. e., are present in a range of molecular weights rather than having a single molecular weight
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