1. soil characteristics
2. how far away the closest untouched ecosystems are
3. the habitat's remaining species
4. the presence of fungi as soil symbionts
Ecological succession refers to the process of changing in an ecological community's species composition through time. The time frame might span several decades or fewer (for instance, following a wildfire).
The community grows through an increase in complexity from a small number of pioneer plants and animals to a stable or self-sustaining climax community. The effects of established species on their own settings serve as the "engine" of succession and the reason why ecosystems evolve. Living has the effect of changing one's surroundings, sometimes subtly and sometimes blatantly.
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Answer:
b. empties their minds
Explanation:
From the passage, the Sage/leader's only way to achieve harmony is by keeping the masses ignorant hence feeding them full and making sure that there are no ambitions since there is no knowledge.
Therefore, according to Laozi, Dao De Jing the masses can only stay in harmony if there is no contention( as a result of knowledge) in the aim to acquire value. For example if the people do not know that gold is valuable and worth a lot of money, there will be no contention to get gold or theft of gold.
Answer:
b. secondary reinforcement and positive reinforcement.
Explanation:
Primary and secondary reinforcement are part of positive reinforcement. Where secondary reinforcement focuses on rewarding on biological needs, secondary reinforcement focuses on learning behavior that is not biologically linked but can be learnt through artificial sources.
In the above example, the act of praising the partner on certain acts will inculcate that behavior. This is a form of secondary reinforcement which part of positive reinforcement.
