Answer:
chemical bonds
Explanation:
Strong chemical bonds are the intramolecular forces that hold atoms together in molecules. A strong chemical bond is formed from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atomic centers and relies on the electrostatic attraction between the protons in nuclei and the electrons in the orbitals.
Conocybe Filaris
Podostroma Cornu-damae
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Answer:
Signal transduction is what allows cells to respond to the influences of the environment around them, providing cells with proper growth and normal cell function.
Explanation:
Living organisms have developed a wide variety of complex processes to transmit signals from the outside to the inside to elicit an adequate cellular response. Defects in these molecular pathways can lead to very different disorders, such as diabetes, cancer, and psychotic illnesses. Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts a certain signal or external stimulus into another signal or specific response, that is, it is the mechanism by which a cell responds to the stimuli it receives from the environment through diffusion. of those signals to its internal compartments. First, a signaling molecule (also called a ligand) needs to activate a specific receptor on the cell's membrane or cytoplasm. Ligand-receptor binding is very specific; they are recognized as a key and a lock. Second messengers are molecules that allow the received signal to be amplified at the intracellular level. The binding of a ligand to the receptor can generate hundreds of second messenger molecules that, in turn, can modify thousands of effector molecules and give rise to different responses. Cells recognize, integrate, and respond to multiple signals from their environment due to signal transduction, providing cells with a normal cell function.
Answer:
The Gibbs free energy (G) of a system is a measure of the amount of usable energy (energy that a job can do) in that system. Changing Gibbs free energy during a reaction provides useful information about the energy and spontaneity of the reaction while Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic property that can be used to predict whether a process occurs spontaneously at constant volume and temperature.
Explanation:
<u>Gibbs free energy is the most used for biological systems</u> since it allows to relate the enthalpy change of the reactions occurred in the system and determine for example if they occur spontaneously or not, if they produce heat or absorb heat.
On the other hand, Helmholtz energy (also called Helmholtz function, Helmholtz free energy or work function) is an extensive quantity, thermodynamic potential and state function, of a thermodynamic system that measures the work obtainable in a closed system, in constant temperature conditions. . It does not depend on the process suffered, but on the final and initial state of the system
