The energy release from sequential redox reactions provides energy to cells most directly by Using that energy to pump protons.
- By transferring electrons during chemical reactions, catabolic pathways break down organic molecules, generating energy that is then used to produce ATP.
- In an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, the process of losing electrons (making a chemical more positive) is referred to as oxidation, while the process of gaining electrons (making a substance more negative) is referred to as reduction.
- The inner mitochondrial membrane's electron transport chain receives electrons from NADH and FADH2, which causes an H+ accumulation in the inner membrane space.
- The direct energy source for ATP synthesis is this proton gradient (gradient of H+) flowing via the membrane enzyme complex ATP synthetase.
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Spindle fibers extend from the poles and overlap at the spindle equator where some attach to chromosomes to help separate them during cell division.
<h3>What is spindle fiber?</h3>
A single filament that travels from the poles to the center is a spindle fiber. Aster is a single filament as well, but the aster differs in its placement.
<h3>What is spindle equator?</h3>
Chromosome alignment at the spindle equator improves the efficiency of bi-orientation. Chromosome congression, a procedure that moves chromosomes from close to spindle poles to the equator, is necessary for this alignment to take place.
<h3>What is spindle in cell?</h3>
A protein structure called a spindle fiber divides a cell's genetic material.
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A unicellular organism lacking a membrane bound nucleus , mitochondria
Answer:
A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration.
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP.
I hope this helps. :)
