The algorithm ADDN implements N-bit fixed-width binary addition for non-negative integers and ignores overflows. For example, AD
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Answer:
Here is the C++ program:
#include<iostream> // to use input output functions
using namespace std; //to identify objects like cin cout
void StartChar(string str) { // function that takes a word string as parameter and returns the first letter of that word in capital
int i;
char c;
do //start of do while loop
{
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) { //iterates through each character of the word str
if(str.length()>25){ //checks if the length of input word is greater than 25
cout<<"limit exceeded"; } //displays this message if a word is more than 25 characters long
c = str.at(i); // returns the character at position i
if (! ( ( c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' ) || ( c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' ) ) ) { //checks if the input word is contains characters other than the alphabet
cout<<str<<" is not a word!"<<endl; break;} //displays this message if user enters characters other than the alphabet
if (i == 0) { //check the first character of the input word
str[i]=toupper(str[i]); //converts the first character of the input word to uppercase
cout<<str<<" starts with letter "<<str[i]<<endl; } // prints the letter that the word starts with in capital letter
} cout<<"Enter a word: "; //prompts user to enter a word
cin>>str; //reads input word from user
}while(str!="#"); } //keeps prompting user to enter a word until the user enters #
int main() //start of the main() function body
{ string str; //declares a variable to hold a word
cout<<"Enter a word: "; //prompts user to enter a word
cin>>str; //reads input word from user
StartChar(str); } //calls function passing the word to it
Explanation:
The program prompts the user to enter a word and then calls StartChar(str) method by passing the word to the function.
The function StartChar() takes that word string as argument.
do while loop starts. The for loop inside do while loop iterates through each character of the word string.
First if condition checks if the length of the input word is greater than 25 using length() method which returns the length of the str. For example user inputs "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa". Then the message limit exceeded is printed on the screen if this if condition evaluates to true.
second if condition checks if the user enters anything except the alphabet character to form a word. For example user $500. If this condition evaluates to true then the message $500 is not a word! is printed on the screen.
Third if condition checks if the first character of input word, convert that character to capital using toupper() method and prints the first letter of the str word in capital. For example if input word is "Computer" then this prints the message: Computer starts with the letter C in the output screen.
The program keeps prompting the user to enter the word until the user enters a hash # to end the program.
The output of the program is attached.
Answer:
Here is the C++ program.
#include <iostream> //to use input output functions
using namespace std; // to access objects like cin cout
void chessboard(int N){ // function that takes a number N as parameter generates corresponding board
int i, j;
string black = "B"; // B for black squares
string white = "W"; // W for white squares
for(i=1;i<=N;i++){ //iterates through each column of the board
for(j=1;j<=N;j++){ //iterates through each row of the board
if((i+j)%2==0) // if sum of i and j is completely divisible by 2
cout<<black<<" "; //displays B when above if condition is true
else //if (i+j)%2 is not equal to 0
cout<<white<<" "; } // displays W when above if condition is false
cout<<endl; } } //prints the new line
int main(){ //start of the main function
int num; //declares an integer num
cout << "Enter an integer representing the size of the chessboard: "; //prompts user to enter size of chess board
cin >> num; //reads value of num from user
chessboard(num); } //calls chessboard function to display N lines consist of N space-separated characters representing the chessboard pattern
Explanation:
The function works as follows:
Lets say that N = 2
two string variables black and white are declared. The value of black is set to "B" and value of white is set to "W" to return a chessboard pattern in B and W squares.
The outer loop for(i=1;i<=N;i++) iterates through each column of the chess board. The inner loop for(j=1;j<=N;j++) iterates through each row of chess board.
At first iteration of outer loop:
N = 2
outer loop:
i=1
i<=N is true because i=1 and 1<=2
So the program enters the body of the outer for loop. It has an inner for loop:
for(j=1;j<=N;j++)
At first iteration of inner loop:
j = 1
j<=N is true because j=1 and 1<=2
So the program enters the body of the inner for loop. It has an if statement:
if((i+j)%2==0) this statement works as:
if(1+1) % 2 == 0
(1+1 )% 2 takes the mod of 1+1 with 2 which gives the remainder of the division.
2%2 As 2 is completely divisible by 2 so 2%2 == 0
Hence the if condition evaluates to true. So the statement in if part executes:
cout<<black<<" ";
This prints B on the output screen with a space.
B
The value of j is incremented to 1.
j = 2
At second iteration of inner loop:
j = 2
j<=N is true because j=2 and 2=2
So the program enters the body of the inner for loop. It has an if statement:
if((i+j)%2==0) this statement works as:
if(1+2) % 2 == 0
(1+2 )% 2 takes the mod of 1+2 with 2 which gives the remainder of the division.
3%2 As 3 is not completely divisible by 2
Hence the if condition evaluates to false. So the statement in else part executes:
cout<<white<<" ";
This prints W on the output screen with a space.
B W
The value of j is incremented to 1.
j = 3
Now
j<=N is false because j=3 and 3>2
So the loop breaks and program moves to the outer loop to iterate through the next row.
At second iteration of outer loop:
N = 2
outer loop:
i=2
i<=N is true because i=2 and 2 = 2
So the program enters the body of the outer for loop. It has an inner for loop:
for(j=1;j<=N;j++)
At first iteration of inner loop:
j = 1
j<=N is true because j=1 and 1<=2
So the program enters the body of the inner for loop. It has an if statement:
if((i+j)%2==0) this statement works as:
if(2+1) % 2 == 0
(2+1 )% 2 takes the mod of 2+1 with 2 which gives the remainder of the division.
3%2 As 3 is not completely divisible by 2
Hence the if condition evaluates to false. So the statement in else part executes:
cout<<white<<" ";
This prints W on the output screen with a space.
B W
W
The value of j is incremented to 1.
j = 2
At second iteration of inner loop:
j = 2
j<=N is true because j=2 and 2=2
So the program enters the body of the inner for loop. It has an if statement:
if((i+j)%2==0) this statement works as:
if(2+2) % 2 == 0
(2+2 )% 2 takes the mod of 2+2 with 2 which gives the remainder of the division.
4%2 As 4 is completely divisible by 2 so 4%2 == 0
Hence the if condition evaluates to false. So the statement in if part executes:
cout<<black<<" ";
This prints B on the output screen with a space.
B W
W B
The value of j is incremented to 1.
j = 3
Now
j<=N is false because j=3 and 3>2
So the loop breaks and program moves to the outer loop. The value of outer loop variable i is incremented to 1 so i = 3
N = 2
outer loop:
i=3
i<=N is false because i=3 and 3>2
So this outer loop ends.
Now the output of this program is:
B W
W B
Screenshot of this program along with its output is attached.
