Using a molecular clock, scientists are able to estimate the amount of time that two species have been evolving independently.
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Vitamin niacin ( vitamin B3)
Answer:
Both electron transport and a proton gradient
Explanation:
The process of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and electron transport chain in photosynthesis undergo chemiosmosis to produce ATP molecules.
Chemiosmosis is a process where the energy utilized by the movement of proton and electrons produces ATP molecules.
Both the processes involve the movement of electrons through electron carriers where the reduced energy is utilized to drive the flow of protons through the plasma membrane. This creates a proton gradient across the plasma membrane which rotates the ATP synthase and converts the ADP molecules into ATP molecules.
Thus, the selected option is correct.
Answer:begins without any further replication of the chromosomes. the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle apparatus forms
Explanation:
