Answer:
Molecular genetic approaches to the study of plant metabolism can be traced back to the isolation of the first cDNA encoding a plant enzyme (Bedbrook et al., 1980), the use of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells (Hernalsteens et al., 1980) and the establishment of routine plant transformation systems (Bevan, 1984; Horsch et al., 1985). It became possible to express foreign genes in plants and potentially to overexpress plant genes using cDNAs linked to strong promoters, with the aim of modifying metabolism. However, the discovery of the antisense phenomenon of plant gene silencing (van der Krol et al., 1988; Smith et al., 1988), and subsequently co‐suppression (Napoli et al., 1990; van der Krol et al., 1990), provided the most powerful and widely‐used methods for investigating the roles of specific enzymes in metabolism and plant growth. The antisense or co‐supression of gene expression, collectively known as post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), has been particularly versatile and powerful in studies of plant metabolism. With such molecular tools in place, plant metabolism became accessible to investigation and manipulation through genetic modification and dramatic progress was made in subsequent years (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995; Herbers and Sonnewald, 1996), particularly in studies of solanaceous species (Frommer and Sonnewald, 1995).
Soil type would be a factor that does not influence mass movement
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Answer:
The correct sequence is - 2, 3, 4, 1.
Explanation:
The movement of the water takes place in the plant from the soil and moves up to leaves and from there to the atmosphere. Root hairs help in the absorption of the water from the soil with help of the epidermis of root hairs. Water then takes the path from the root to the stem with help of cortical cells.
Once the water reaches the endodermis or endodermal cell the water freely flow in the xylem cell upwards the stem moves to leaves by the transpiration stream. In the process of transpiration, an excess amount of water evaporates into the atmosphere.
