The process of transformation and transduction are important to the kingdom of protista because transformation and transduction are involved in bacterial conjugation bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material is the transfer between bacterial cells by direct cell to cell contact or by bridge like connection between two cells.
I think your question all turn into lowercases, uppercases, and lowercases are important in genetics because it can differentiate between the dominant and recessive forms.
let me explain at least how to calculate the offspring percentage:
for example, you have Rr crossed with another Rr (R for wrinkled peas and r for smooth peas), you just have to match between the four letters, and you will have four possibilities:
R and R
R and r
r and R
r and r
you will have RR, Rr, Rr, and rr
if we convert into percentages, it will give:
25% RR
50% Rr (there's two Rr so 25 + 25)
25% rr
Crayfish are invertebrates which means they don't have a backbone. They are also arthropods, which means that they have a protective exoskeleton on the outside of their body. Other arthropods include insects, spiders, and centipedes. Crayfish continually shed their exoskeleton and regrow a new one. During this transition is when they are most vulnerable to predators because they aren't protected by their outer shell.
Crayfish are found all over the world in many different freshwater environments, such as rivers, creeks, springs, and swamps. But this doesn't necessarily mean that you will be able to find them. They are somewhat cryptic because they dig out homes for themselves under rocks and blend in well with their environment. Crayfish will ardently defend this dwelling against intruders using their strong front claws
