Answer:
20.3%
Explanation:
Given that:
An AAbb strain is crossed to an aaBB strain
i.e.
AAbb × aaBB
gametes Ab aB
For F₁
generation;
If the resulting progeny are now self-crossed.
We know that the genetic distance between these two genes on the same chromosome is said to be 10 cM.
i.e. the recombinant gene = 10%; Hence, the parental gene will be (100 - 10)% = 90%
Ab × aB = Aa AB ab Bb
From above; the parental gene;
Ab and aB = 90% with each being 45%
i.e. Ab = 45% and aB = 45%
while the recombinants genes are:
AB and ab = 10%
i.e. AB = 5% and ab = 5%
Finally; the percentage of aaBB is = aB% × aB% × 100%
the percentage of aaBB is = 0.45 × 0.45 × 100%
the percentage of aaBB is = 20.25% ≅ 20.3%
Answer:
Ligand-receptor interaction is the first interaction that triggers cell signalling.
Ligands are the hormones, drugs or neurotransmitters that specifically bind with receptors present in cell surface to initiate cell signalling. Ligand binding to the receptor is reversible. Binding of the ligand to the receptor can activate or inactivate receptor. Activation may lead to cell signalling pathways. Inside cells, there are secondary molecules which on activation starts a cascade of reactions. which in-turn regulate the function of the ligand molecule.
At first, the activated receptor relates with G proteins molecules in the cell.
before the ultimate physiological effect of the ligand on the cell's behavior is produced Therefore, the cellular signaling starts as soon as the first messenger (the ligand) binds to its receptor.
hope this helps
Answer:
The fact that it reveals is that:
Epinephrine binds to the receptor tyrosine kinase on the cell membrane and does not act on glycogen phosphorylase.
Explanation:
In cellular respiration, epinephrine is a neurotransmitter and a plasma membrane hormone receptor. It is not a lipid-derived hormone, but rather an amino acid-derived hormone. As a result, they are unable to pass through the plasma membrane of cells. They bind to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane through plasma membrane hormone receptors (receptor's tyrosine kinase of the cell membrane) because they are lipid insoluble hormones.
Unlike steroid hormones, lipid insoluble hormones (epinephrine) do not directly influence glycogen phosphorylase or the target cell because they cannot enter the cell and operate directly on DNA. The activation of a signaling pathway occurs when these hormones attach to a cell surface receptor; this activates intracellular activity and performs the hormone's specific effects. Nothing crosses through the cell membrane in this fashion; the hormone that binds at the cell's surface stays at the cell's surface, while the intracellular component stays within the cell.
The correct answer is: Protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space
Chemiosmosis can be described as movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. It occurs during the cellular respiration within mitochondria and it is involved in ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation via ATP synthase).
Electrons from electron carriers (NADH and FADH) donate electrons to the electron transport chain and that causes changes in protein complexes of electron transport chain. As a consequence, protein complexes pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria.
H+ can only get back and pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of ATP synthase (down their electrochemical gradient). ATP synthase turned by the force of the H+ diffusing through it forms ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP.
