Answer:
d. It is best measured using the statistic variance inflation factor (VIF).
Explanation:
Multicollinearity is an important issue in multiple regression model, having many independent/ explanatory variables. Multicollinearity is the situation in which two or more independent variables are highly correlated. It is problematic because it increases the standard error of independent variable coefficient & undermines its statistical significance
Variance Inflation Factor [VIF] is a check & corrective measure of multicollinearity.
- VIF as a multicollinearity check : It quantifies the correlation between one explanatory variable with other explanatory variables.VIF = 1 implies there is no multicollinearity (correlation between independent variables); VIF upto 5 implies there is moderate multicollinearity (correlation between independent variables). VIF > 5 implies high multicollinearity (correlation between independent variables)
- VIF as a multicollinearity correction : Calculating
= σ^2 / ![[TSS j (1 - R^2j)]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5BTSS%20j%20%281%20-%20R%5E2j%29%5D)
; where TSS = total sum of square of variable j , σ^2 = j variance, R^2 j = R^2 from regressing all other independent variable on variable j
The question is incomplete. Here is the complete question:
The following annual returns for Stock E are projected over the next year for three possible states of the economy. What is the stock’s expected return and standard deviation of returns? E(R) = 8.5% ; σ = 22.70%; mean = $7.50; standard deviation = $2.50
State Prob E(R)
Boom 10% 40%
Normal 60% 20%
Recession
30% - 25%
Answer:
The expected return of the stock E(R) is 8.5%.
The standard deviation of the returns is 22.7%
Explanation:
<u>Expected return</u>
The expected return of the stock can be calculated by multiplying the stock's expected return E(R) in each state of economy by the probability of that state.
The expected return E(R) = (0.4 * 0.1) + (0.2 * 0.6) + (-0.25 * 0.3)
The expected return E(R) = 0.04 + 0.12 -0.075 = 0.085 or 8.5%
<u>Standard Deviation of returns</u>
The standard deviation is a measure of total risk. It measures the volatility of the stock's expected return. The standard deviation (SD) of a stock's return can be calculated by using the following formula:
SD = √(rA - E(R))² * (pA) + (rB - E(R))² * (pB) + ... + (rN - E(R))² * (pN)
Where,
- rA, rB to rN is the return under event A, B to N.
- pA, pB to pN is the probability of these events to occur
- E(R) is the expected return of the stock
Here, the events are the state of economy.
So, SD = √(0.4 - 0.085)² * (0.1) + (0.2 - 0.085)² * (0.6) + (-0.25 - 0.085)² * (0.3)
SD = 0.22699 or 22.699% rounded off to 22.70%
It is and should be the managers job to do that
Answer: The correct answer is "B. Zimbabwe".
Explanation: GDP growth is crucial for an economy, since an increase in it reflects an increase in economic activity. If economic activity picks up, it means that unemployment tends to decrease and that per capita income increases.
In the case of Zimbabwe, population growth is far superior to GDP growth, therefore this makes economic growth much more difficult since there are more people per capita income is diminished.
Answer:
a. increased by $56,000
Explanation:
General accounting equation ;
Assets = Liabilities + Owners equity
Owners equity = Assets - Liabilities.
Therefore,
Increase in stockholder's equity
= $87,000 - $31,000
= $56,000
