If the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary were severed, damaging the neurons, the secretion of which type of chem
ical messenger (signal) would most directly be affected?
a) chemokines
b) neurotransmitters
c) releasing hormone
d) tropic hormone
a) chemokines
b) neurotransmitters
c) releasing hormone
d) tropic hormone
1 answer:
Answer:
Tropic hormones
Explanation:
The damage probably occurred at the infindibular stalk or the pituitary stalk that links the hypothalamus to the pituitary glands. If this were to happen, then there would be no communication between the two endocrine glands and the chemical signals affected will be tropic hormones. This is because the releasing hormones from the hypothalamus will not be able to reach the pituitary glands to stimulate the release of the secondary hormones. Tropic hormones are hormones which have other glands as their targets for example Adenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) that regulates how the steroid hormone cortisol is released by the adrenal glands. The picture below shows the pituitary stalk linking the hypothalamus to the pituitary glands.
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Answer:
2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH
Explanation:
Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration (break down of glucose to extract energy) which occurs in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis is a pathway common to all living organisms- prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as it does not require oxygen to occur.
Glycolysis occurs in two major phases (ten steps) requiring 10 enzymes catalyzing each step; the energy-requiring phase and the energy-requiring phase.
In the energy-requiring phase, the starting molecule (glucose) gets rearranged in a series of chemical reactions, and two phosphate groups gets attached to it producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate which is unstable, This modified sugar then splits in half due to its instability to form two different but inter-convertible phosphate-bearing three-carbon sugars (Dihydroxyacetonephosphate, DHAP and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G3P). Because the phosphates used in these steps come from 2 ATP molecules, 2 ATP molecules get used up in this phase
All the DHAP molecules get converted to G-3-P in order to enter the next phase.
In the energy-recovering phase, the 3-carbon sugar (G3P) is converted into another three-carbon molecule called pyruvate, through a series of reactions. In these reactions, two ATP and 1 NADH molecules are made. This recovery phase occurs twice (one for each of the two isomeric three-carbon sugars, DHAP and G3P). Hence, a total of 4 ATP and 2 NADH molecules are produced in this phase.
Overall, Glycolysis converts one glucose (six-carbon) molecule to two pyruvate (three-carbon) molecules and a net release of 2 ATP molecules (4 overall - 2 used) and 2 NADH molecules.
