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3refer to any professionally managed zoological institution, in-cluding aquariums, that holds live wild mammals in captivity. We de ne wild animals as representatives of nondomesticated species, that is, species that have not undergone generations of selective breeding to emphasize particular traits (arti -cial selection). Professionally managed zoos are those that are accredited by international, regional, or national zoo as-sociations (www .eaza .net; Bell ). Examples of interna-tional or regional associations include the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, and the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). AZA accredits about % of all animal exhibitors in the United States (approximately out of over , ex-hibitors) licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (see Lewis, chap. b, this volume); however, these include most major metropolitan zoos in the United States and Canada. e Sociedade de Zoológicos do Brasil is an example of a na-tional zoo association.Almost all these associations require their member insti-tutions to abide by a code of ethics. While such codes vary among associations, institutional missions and good animal care are at the core of the codes. Nevertheless, codes may represent minimum rather than optimum standards or goals. E ectiveness in exceeding codes and standards is o en lim-ited by resources (e.g. technical, nancial, space). Nonpro-fessionally managed exhibitors include most roadside zoos, circuses, private animal educators and trainers, wildlife reha-bilitation centers, and sanctuaries. e ethics codes, among other professional standards, separate professionally run in-stitutions from nonaccredited facilities.ETHICAL PERCEPTIONSHistorically, humans have worshipped animals, hunted them for food or sport, domesticated them, eaten them, worn them, made them companions, and wondered about their and our place in the natural world. Humans have also captured and collected them for amusement or scienti c study.
Explanation: INTRODUCTIONEthics is about what is right and what is wrong. Rather than focusing on “what is,” which is the realm of science, ethicists focus on “what ought to be” (White However, when it comes to moral issues, one size does not t all. Human beings are not moral absolutists; our ethical decisions are complex, and ethical standards en vary with context. For example, while killing a rare animal may represent a loss to biodiver-sity and may even be against the law, killing a rare animal in self- defense may be considered morally justi able. Similarly, while a zoo may not be ethically justi ed in maintaining an endangered wild animal purely for entertainment or pro t, many believe that it would be justi ed for research, educa-tional, or conservation purposes (Hutchins, Smith, and Al-lard n bringing wild animals into captivity, important questions are raised that sometimes polarize segments of so-ciety and at other times create consensus. When is it morally acceptable to remove an animal from the wild and place it in captivity? Are zoos bleak prisons for wild animals, or are they a comfortable shelter from a potentially cruel and threaten-ing world? Some critics have denounced zoos as exploiters and tra ckers of wildlife, while supporters have countered that zoos are champions for wildlife conservation (Mench and Kreger Hutchins, Smith, and Allard .
