Answer:
The strong hydrogen bonds in water made water stable and difficult to breakdown into constituent oxygen and hydrogen atoms. at a temprature less than 100 degree..
Oxygen is a strong electronegative atom than the two hydrogen atoms it is attached to in water. It pulls more electrons to itself than the hydrogen atoms.. This strengthened hydrogen bonds in water .
Consequently, it will be difficult for the needed oxygen atoms to simply diffuse into the alveoli to reach the blood,Compare to its molecular form where its atoms awere held by relatively week covalent bonds.
Besides the porosity of the thin alveolar endothelial walls of 0.2 micrometer is too small for the larger water molecules to pass through.
Explanation:
Nucleotide bases are added to DNA strands in a 5' to 3' direction.
What is DNA replication?
When a cell divides, DNA copies itself through a process called replication.
- Generally speaking, DNA replication involves uncoiling the helix, strand separation by rupturing the hydrogen bonds between the complementary strands, and synthesis of two new strands through complimentary base pairing.
- The origin of replication, which is a precise location in the DNA, is where replication starts.
- From the point of origin, DNA replication is bidirectional.
- The two parent DNA strands unwind and split apart at the origin of replication to generate two "Y-shaped" replication forks in order to start DNA replication.
- These unwinding enzymes are known as DNA helicases.
- The real location of DNA copying is at these replication forks.
- Proteins that destabilize helices bind to the single-stranded areas to prevent the two strands from rejoining.
- To reduce stress on the helical molecule during replication, enzymes known as topoisomerases cause breaks in the DNA and then reunite them.
- The hydrogen bonding of free DNA nucleotides with those on each parent strand results in the formation of new complementary strands as the strands continue to unwind and split in both directions around the entire DNA molecule.
- The new nucleotides are joined by DNA polymerases using phosphodiester bonds as they align themselves opposite each parent strand using hydrogen bonds.
- Deoxynucleotide triphosphates, which are made up of a nitrogenous base called deoxyribose and three phosphates, are the actual nucleotides that are aligning through complementary base pairing.
- Two of the phosphates are withdrawn to provide energy for bonding as the phosphodiester bond forms between the 3' OH of the previous nucleotide in the DNA strand and the 5' phosphate group of the next nucleotide.
- In the end, two identical DNA molecules are created when each parent strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary copy of itself.
Hence, nucleotide bases are added to DNA strands in a 5' to 3' direction.
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The ribs articulate with the (a) thoracic vertebrae.
There exists 12 pairs of ribs. Each rib is a thin flat bone attached dorsally to the vertebral column as well as ventrally to the sternum.
First seven pairs of ribs are known as 'true ribs'. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae dorsally and are ventrally attached to the sternum by means of of hyaline cartilage.
The 8th, 9th as well as 10th pairs of ribs do not articulate directly with the sternum but unite with the 7th rib with the support of hyaline cartilage. These are called 'false ribs'.
Remaining two pairs i.e. the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs are not attached ventrally and are thus, termed as 'floating ribs'.
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<span>If the density of ice were greater than water, ice would sink to the bottom of oceans/seas/lakes etc. This ice would cool the water so much that more water would freeze, and the entire body of water would soon be a giant block of ice! You can imagine how this would affect aquatic life</span>
