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natulia [17]
3 years ago
14

In 1665, a scientist named Robert Hooke examined a thin piece of cork through a microscope. The drawing below represents what he

saw. Now, with advances in microscopy, it is possible to view images such as the one below. These images prove that microscopes make it possible to view
Biology
2 answers:
-Dominant- [34]3 years ago
7 0

The Englishman Robert Hooke (18th July 1635 - 3rd March 1703) was an architect, natural philosopher and brilliant scientist, best known for his law of elasticity (Hooke's law), his book Micrographia, published in 1665 and for first applying the word "cell" to describe the basic unit of life. It is also less well known that there is substantial evidence that Hooke developed the spring watch escapement, independently of and some fifteen years before Huygens, who is credited for this invention. Hooke also is recognised for his work on gravity, and his work as an architect and surveyor.


Hooke's Micrographia

Here, we focus on his pioneering work using the microscope to document observations of a variety of samples in his book Micrographia, published in September 1665.


Hooke began his famed career by initially studying at Wadham College, Oxford, where he worked closely under John Wilkins with other contemporaries, including Thomas Willis and Robert Boyle, for whom he built the vacuum pumps used in Boyle's gas law experiments. He also built some of the earliest telescopes, observing the rotations of Mars and Jupiter, and, based on his observations of fossils, was an early proponent of biological evolution. If that wasn't enough, he investigated the phenomenon of refraction, deducing the wave theory of light, and was the first to suggest that matter expands when heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances, yet curiously Robert Hooke is somewhat overlooked in his contributions to science, perhaps as there were many people who wrote of Hooke as a difficult personality, being described as of "cynical temperament" and of "caustic tongue". There were also disputes with fellow scientists, including disputes with Isaac Newton over credit for work on gravitation and the planets. Though it must be remembered that Hooke lived at a time of immense scientific progress and discovery and none of the above diminish Hooke'

Nostrana [21]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

Both cellular structures and cellular processes.

Explanation:

Magnifying lenses have been around since approximately 1000 AD. By 1590, the first simple microscope was created. Less than 100 years later, Robert Hooke used this new technology to suggest that substances are composed of cells. His drawings show how microscopes can be used to examine cell structure.

Microscopes continued to develop over time. In 1931, the electron microscope was invented, so cellular organelles could be viewed in greater detail. Now, as demonstrated by the second image, it is possible to not only see cellular structures, but also cellular processes, such as mitosis.

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Answer:

C.The β‑pleated sheet is held together by hydrogen bonds between adjacent segments.

Explanation:

Hello!

The most common secondary structures are α-helix and β-sheets. The structures are defined by regular hydrogen bonds formed between the N-H and C=O groups of the amino acids that form the chain. These structures form in segments of the protein as an intermediate before it folds into the 3D tertiary structure.

<u>α helix  </u>

It is a cylindrical structure that comprehends a helical backbone, while the side chains extend outward in a helical distribution. The α-helix stabilizes through hydrogen bonds between the amines and carbonyls groups of the backbone. Each carbonyl group forms a hydrogen bond with the amine group four residues later in the main chain. Thus, except for the amino acids near the end of the α-helix, all the carbonyls and amines groups in the main chain are linked by hydrogen bonds. Each residue corresponds to a translation of 1,5Ǻ and a turn of 100º this equals 3,6 residues per turn.

From the observer point of view, if the rotation of the helix is clockwise or right-handed, it's called dextrorotation and if the rotation is counterclockwise or left-handed it's called levorotation. Dexorotation or dextrogyre is the most common rotation of α-helixes in proteins. Levorotation or levogyre is very rare but can be found in proteins with a large content of achiral glycine.

<u>β-sheets (β-pleated sheets) </u>

This structure consists of at least two β-strands (polypeptide chains), the strands conform a backbone of three to ten amino acids in an extended formation that connects laterally with hydrogen bonds. The distance between adjacent amino acids in a β-strand is approximately 3,5Ǻ in contrast to the 1,5Ǻ distance of an α helix. The chains that form a β-sheet have directionality conferred by their N-terminus and C-terminus. Adjacent β-strands can form hydrogen bonds in antiparallel, parallel or mixed arrangements. In the antiparallel arrangement, the adjacent strands are said to have opposite directions (N-C vs C-N) this allows the bonds to be established between the amines and carbonyls groups of each amino acid with the carbonyls and amines of the adjacent amino acid. This way the bonds between carbonyls and amines are planar, which allows strong interstrand stability.

In the parallel arrangement, the adjacent strands have the same direction (N-C vs N-C). In this type of arrangement, each amine forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl of the adjacent amino acid, but its carbonyl group forms a hydrogen bond with the amine group of the amino acid two residues later.

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