Mass error is due to temperature which is a random error. I believe.
Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:
Set up equation.




Answer:
4π in ≈ 12.57 in
Step-by-step explanation:
One full revolution (2π radians) is made in 60 minutes. In 40 minutes, the hand moves through an angle θ of (40/60)(2π) = 4π/3 radians. The length of the arc is ...
s = rθ = (3 in)(4π/3) = 4π in ≈ 12.57 in
Answer: Test statistic = -8 and rejected region is (-∞,-1.966) and (1.966, ∞)
Step-by-step explanation:
Since we have given that
X is the length of a rod.
Sample Mean = 2 inches
Standard deviation = 0.5 inches
n = 400
Hypothesis are

Test statistics would be

Degrees of freedom = n-1 =400-1 =39
and 
Using the t-distribution table, we get that critical value z = 1.966
Since the two tail test will be applied to this,
So, the acceptance region will be (-1.966, 1.966)
Hence, the rejected region will be (-∞,-1.966) and (1.966, ∞)