The movable type was invented around AD 1040 in China during the Song Dinasty. It was a way of printing in which movable elements were used to reproduce documents, usually on paper. It had a great influence on learning if we consider that paper books could be printed and spread to different places
I would say that the South American continent and also the North American continent in Mesoamerica were the two sites where European colonialism mainly of the Spanish colonialists and also the Portuguese were responsible for the stealing of the natural resources and the subjugation of the native peoples like the Incas and Aztecs. While the initial conquests were brutal and barbaric, the good thing that the Spaniards did was inter-marry with the local native people and form a new society of largely mestizo or mixed people.
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Lol ! but where is the question ?
The Monroe Doctrine essentially said that if we stay out of Europe's affairs, then they'll stay out of our affairs. This came after the War of 1812 when Britain burned the White House and tried to take over the States.