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Answer:
Creating vacancies in ceramics. Consider doping ZrO₂ with small concentrations of Nb205. The valence of Nb is 5. Assume that Nb ions sit in Zr ion sites
a. A substitutional defect will be produced.
b. With this dopping, the Nb increases electron band conduction and decreases oxygen anion conduction in ZrO₂.
Explanation:
(a) The defect produced by dopping a little concentration of Nb₂O5 with Nb in the +5 charge state is known as a substitutional defect.
(b) With this dopping, the Nb increases electron band conduction and decreases oxygen anion conduction in ZrO₂.
Moreover, if oxygen vacancies are rate-limiting defect, the corrosion of ZrO₂ decreases and if electrons are rate-limiting then the corrosion of ZrO₂ is accelerated.
Answer:
P2 = 3.9 MPa
Explanation:
Given that
T₁ = 290 K
P₁ = 95 KPa
Power P = 5.5 KW
mass flow rate = 0.01 kg/s
solution
with the help of table A5
here air specific heat and adiabatic exponent is
Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg K
and k = 1.4
so
work rate will be
W = m × Cp × (T2 - T1) ..........................1
here T2 = W ÷ ( m × Cp) + T1
so T2 = 5.5 ÷ ( 0.001 × 1.004 ) + 290
T2 = 838 k
so final pressure will be here
P2 = P1 ×
..............2
P2 = 95 × 
P2 = 3.9 MPa