The structure of the plasma membrane;
The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids. A molecule of phospholipid consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol component. The fatty acid tails represent a hydrophobic region of the molecule, while the glycerol-phosphate head is hydrophilic. The phospholipids are arranged into a bilayer formation with the hydrophilic heads pointing to the outside and the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the inside. The plasma membrane is a barrier to most molecules. In plants, fungi, and bacteria, the membrane deposits cellulose or other polysaccharides on the outside of the membrane to create a cell wall, which it provides support to the cell.
Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are various proteins and, in animals cells, cholesterol molecules. This mixture of molecules accounts for the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, that is, a highly flexible lipid boundary impregnated with various other molecules.
The interactions of plasma membrane with the outside environment;
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane. Small molecules, like O2 and CO2, readily diffuse through the membrane. The movement of larger molecules is regulated by proteins in the plasma membrane. There are several kinds of these proteins. Channel proteins provide passage for certain dissolved substances. Transport proteins actively transport substances against a concentration gradient. The glycocalyx, consisting of the oligosaccharides from glycolipids, recognition proteins, and other glycoproteins, provides adhesion or
participates in cell-to-cell interactions. Receptor proteins recognize hormones and transmit their signals to the interior of the cell.
Various substances can be exported into the external environment by exocytosis. In exocytosis, substances are packaged in vesicles that merge with the plasma membrane. Once they merge with the membrane, their contents are released to the outside. In an opposite kind of procedure, food and other substances can be imported by
endocytosis. In endocytosis, the plasma membrane encircles the substance and encloses it in a vesicle.
Answer:
A researcher would chose percentage cover over stem count because percentage cover is a less time consuming process and easy to calculate in case of species having number of clones.
Advantages of stem count:
- It gives exact number of individual present in the population.
Advantages of percentage area count:
- It gives the total surface area covered by the species and is less hectic.
Remember for a di hybrid cross with two completely heterozygous parents, the phenotypic ratio will always be 9:3:3:1
9 will always display both dominant traits, black and rough hair. 3 will display black hair and smooth hair and 3 will display not black hair and rough hair and 1 will display both receive traits
