Secondary succession can happen after primary succession or independently of primary succession.

1 answer:

6 0

True. As long as climax community has previously been reached, secondary succession can occur independently. Primary: lichens-seral-climax community
Secondary: seral-climax community

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Answer:

Which of the following mechanisms is used by gram-negative bacteria to cross the blood-brain barrier? D) Inducing TNF

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This type of membrane transport moves substances against the concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to an area

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Answer:- Active transport

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There are two types of membrane transports

1. Passive transport - this type of transport occurs without the input of any energy and the molecules move along the concentration gradients that is from high concetration to low concentration.

2. Active transport- this type of transport takes place to move the molecules against the concentration gradient that is from low concentration to high concentration.

The active transport is of two types:

1. Primary active transport- in this type of transport ATP is used as an energy source to move the substances against the concentration gradient.

2.Secondary active transport - in this type of transport the gradient formed by the active transport is utilized and it involves the movement of 2 substances at a time aross the membrane. That is the movement of one molecule is coupled to another.

The membrane proteins that are associated with active transport are called as carrier proteins. These proteins have a binding site for the molecules that they transport. Once they bind to the specific molecules, a conformation change is induced and this leads to the transport of the molecule across the membrane.

So, the active transport is basically responsible for utilizing the energy from ATP and carrier proteins to move the substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient i.e. from low concentration to high concentration.

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