Answer:
Social Issues and Community Interactions
This chapter examines social issues involved in the siting and operation of waste-incineration facilities (such as incinerators and industrial boilers and furnaces), including possible social, economic, and psychological effects of incineration and how these might influence community interactions and estimates of health effects. Issues with respect to perceptions and values of local residents are also considered. In addition, this chapter addresses risk communication issues and approaches for involving the general public to a greater extent in siting and other decisions concerning incineration facilities. The committee recognized at the outset of its study that the social, economic, and psychological effects for a particular waste-incineration facility might be favorable, neutral, or adverse depending on many site-specific conditions and characteristics. However, the current state of understanding for many issues considered in this chapter is such that little or no data specific to waste incineration were available for analysis by the committee. In such cases, the committee identified key issues that should be addressed in the near future.
The social, psychological, and economic impacts of incineration facilities on their locales are even less well documented and understood than the health effects of waste incineration. When environmental-impact assessments are required for proposed federal or state actions, they typically must include socioeconomic-impact assessments, but the latter are often sketchy at best. They also might be given short shrift in the decision-making process (Wolf 1980; Freudenburg 1989; Rickson et al. 1990). Furthermore, these socioeconomic assessments attempt to be prospective—that is, they assess the likely effects of proposed actions. Little research has been done to evaluate systematically the socioeco-
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Suggested Citation:"Social Issues and Community Interactions." National Research Council. 2000. Waste Incineration and Public Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5803.×
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nomic impacts of controversial waste-treatment or waste-disposal facilities that have been in place for several years or more (Finsterbusch 1985; Seyfrit 1988; English et al. 1991; Freudenburg and Gramling 1992). Moreover, the committee is not aware of any studies of the effects of removing an established incinerator. One reason for the lack of cumulative, retrospective socioeconomic-impact research is the lack of sufficient data. Although incineration facilities must routinely monitor and record emissions of specified pollutants, health-monitoring studies before or after a facility begins operation are only rarely performed, and periodic studies of the socioeconomic impacts of a facility over time are virtually nonexistent, partly because of methodological problems (Armour 1988) and the absence of regulations that necessitate continued monitoring of socioeconomic impacts.
Explanation:
The Mamluks were originally slave boys of the Abbasid caliphs<span> of the Islamic Empire.</span>
The object that is the central component of a geographic information system is: C. Computer
A geographic information system is the device that is used to track and monitor the positions of objects on the globe.
This makes use of location services and other important hardware and software data to make accurate analysis.
The most important component of a GIS is the data which it collects, and the major means of collecting this data is through the use of computers.
Some of the components of the geographic information system is:
- Hardware
- Software
- People
- User segment
- Data, etc
Therefore, the correct answer is option C
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Answer: Purpose of the sugar law
Explanation: The goal of this law was threefold. First, the British realized that smuggling was almost endemic and that the rule of law was being undermined by illegal trade. Secondly, to protect British Commerce by introducing new trade restrictions after established navigation acts. Three, the war of the French Indians had taken a toll on British finance and the Americans had to pay for their own protection. With these goals on mind, the sugar law was designed to bring down colonial trade with countries other than Britain, especially France and Spain with colonies in the west Indies while increasing revenue to pay British debt.
