Answer:
Bridgham et al. (2006) showed that the interaction between a steroid hormone (aldosterone-M) and its receptor (mineralocorticoid) evolved by Darwinian gradualism. In this work, the authors demonstrated a primitive affinity between the hormone and its receptor that was initially present in chemically similar but more ancient ligands. This result has implications in understanding the association between gene duplication and the evolution of hormone signaling pathways. For example, in invertebrates, this work reinforces the importance of gene duplication in the existing interaction between paralogous glucocorticoid receptors and their receptor mineralocorticoid genes that were derived from duplication (Thornton 2001).
The publications above cited are the following:
J.T. Bridgham, S.M. Carroll, and J.W. Thornton (2006). Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation. Science, 312(5770), 97-101.
JW Thornton. Evolution of vertebrate steroid receptors from an ancestral estrogen receptor by ligand exploitation and serial genome expansions, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (PNAS), 2001, vol. 98 10 (pg. 5671-5676).
Animals with a three-chambered heart would include Amphibians.
- Amphibians have three-chambered which comprises of two Atria and one ventricle. Examples of Amphibians include Frog, Toads, Salamanders.
- In Amphibians heart blood from the single ventricle travels to the lungs, skin, and body, where it is oxygenated. Before being pumped out of the heart, deoxygenated and oxygenated blood are mixed in the ventricle.
- This is because the Amphibians have low rate of metabolism and thus requires less oxygen for their metabolism.
- As a result heart's load to deliver oxygenated blood to body is lowered.
Thus, from the above pointers we can conclude that only Amphibians from the option have three-chambered heart.
Learn more about Amphibians:
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They are all tetrapoda.
Tetrapods are animals (group of vertebrates) with four limbs including amphibians (frogs), reptiles (caimans), birds (parrots) and mammals (hares, humans). Even though the subgroups within Tetrapods differ a lot, they all have various adaptations of the skeleton and muscles that enable them movement on land, adaptations of cranium (for head stability), tissues that reduce water loss (because of living outside the water)…Except amphibians all other tetrapoda are amniotes (have amnion layer around embryo)
<span>The answer is letter D. all of the above. A cell may be represented in different models such as an idea model, a physical model and even a computer model. A cell in physical model may be a larger or smaller physical model that picture outs the parts of a cell, while in an idea model, a cell may be given analysis and descriptions and lastly, on a computer model, a cell may look animated or realistic depending on its graphical representation.</span>
