Answer:
The correct answer is "kin-branding, whereby all individuals are labeled actively by each other at birth so that kin can be discriminated from nonkin".
Explanation:
Kin recognition, also known as kin detection, is an ability developed by some animals to detect organisms that are genetic related and discriminate among other animals that are not (nonkin). There are some mechanisms that animals use for kin recognition, however labeling actively each other is not one of them. In most cases, animals use kin recognition based on pheromonal cues.
Contamination is the answer you are looking for.
The level of organization that is the highest is: Organism, Organ System, Organ, and Tissue.
C would be you're answer, it is the "highest" out of all of them.
Answer:
In the given case, the brain of the alien would be showing an enlarged region with surface grooves and folds. It is nothing but the cerebral cortex and mainly the neocortex. As the name suggests that it is the latest addition to the brain and is regarded to be originated by the process of evolution.
It is the main region of extraordinary cognitive tendencies like reasoning, thinking, analysis, and other things. As mentioned in the question, that alien is trained like astronauts on the Earth, thus, this neocortex would be certainly found in the brain of the alien.
As you have probably guessed, the main function of the muscular system is movement, but it also helps stabilize our joints, maintain our posture and generate heat during activity. Movement of our body can be voluntary and controlled by the skeletal muscles, or it can be involuntary and controlled by smooth muscles.