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The Nile is the only river in North Africa that passes through the Sahara and carries its waters to the Mediterranean Sea, being a source of life in a waterless desert. The permanent Nile watercourse exists due to precipitation falling in the more southern regions and feeding its sources. Since ancient times, the Nile's water resources have been used for irrigation and natural fertilization of fields, fishing, water supply and shipping. The river is especially important for Egypt, where about 97% of the country's population lives in a coastal strip 10-15 km wide. The creation of the Aswan hydro-complex facilitated the long-term regulation of the Nile runoff, eliminated the threat of catastrophic floods (earlier during the flood, the water level in the river near Cairo rose to 8 m) and allowed to increase the total area of irrigated land. On the Nile, there are the large cities of Khartoum, Aswan, Luxor (Thebes), the metropolitan area of Cairo Giza; in the delta - Alexandria. The Nile River north of Aswan is a popular tourist route. The Nile has been a source of life for ancient Egyptian civilization since the Stone Age. Namely in its valley, all the cities of Egypt are located and almost all of its population still lives. It should be recognized, however, that the construction of the High Aswan Dam and hydroelectric power station, completed in 1970, putting an end to spring floods, simultaneously deprived Egyptian agriculture of the most important natural fertilizer - silt.
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