Answer:
This introduced addressing towards racial discrimination endured by people of colour (african-americans were likely) who were recently emancipated from slavery. This amendment confirmed rights and privileges of citizenship and, for the first time, guaranteed all Americans equal protection under the laws.
The machine gun was decisive in securing victories for the Allies in WW1, if that's the time period this is focused on.
The penalty was a 10 year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. its was called the Chinese Exclusion Act
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