Answer:
The findings suggest that pain influences respiration by increasing its flow, frequency, and volume. Furthermore, paced slow breathing is associated with pain reduction in some of the studies, but evidence elucidating the underlying physiological mechanisms of this effect is lacking.
Explanation:
Answer and Explanation:
Ergotamine has been used for over 50 years and was the first specific drug to treat migraine attacks. Its therapeutic effect is due in part to its ability to contract the vessels. It is a vasoconstricting alkaloid used in migraine attacks, when treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has no effect.
The mechanism of action of ergotamine is complex. The molecule has structural similarities to neurotransmitters such as seratonin, dopamine and adrenaline, and can therefore bind to various receptors and function as an inhibitor. Its use in the treatment of migraines is due to its vasoconstrictor effect of extracerebral intracranial blood vessels through their binding to the 5-HT1B receptor and inhibition of neurotransmitter binding.
Overuse of ergotamine may cause nausea, vomiting (to direct effects on the Central Nervous System in the vomiting centers) , malaise, headache, constriction of peripheral vessels and more severe effects such as ischemia of the extremities.
Ergotamine poisoning is called ergotism.
Ergotamine should not be used in patients with peripheral arterial or venous vascular insufficiency, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, systemic infection and hypertension without effective control.
You would only need your two fingers, and you would firmly press down on your jugular, right below the base of your thumb, and on the inside of your elbow.
Answer:
<u><em>fixed-ratio</em></u><em>; </em><u><em>variable-ratio
</em></u>
Explanation:
The fixed ratio is a reinforcement method. <em>Reinforcement is given in this method after a number of responses have been completed. </em>
<em>The number of responses expected continues to be constant.</em>
A variable-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule where an unknown number of responses reinforce the response. <em>This routine produces a reliable, high response rate. </em>
<em>Betting and casino activities are great examples of a payout dependent on a schedule for a variable ratio.</em>