Answer:
Option D When activated, Bax and Bak form oligomers in the outer membrane of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome c.
Explanation:
The proapoptotic genes are involved in the process of apoptosis. The antiapoptotic gene prevents apoptosis that is cell death. The proapoptotic genes are bax, bak, bad and bid. The bcl family genes are antiapoptotic genes. The process involved activation of apoptosis inside the cell is called intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
The activation proapoptotic genes, Bax and Bak form oligomers in the mitochondria outer membrane. These pores in the mitochondrial membrane allows the release of cytochrome-c that further attaches with Apaf-1. This leads to activation of caspase 9 that further activates caspase 3, thus inducing apoptosis.
Answer:
Chromosomal Mutation
Explanation:
The development and function of an organism is in large part controlled by genes. Mutations can lead to changes in the structure of an encoded protein or to a decrease or complete loss in its expression. Because a change in the DNA sequence affects all copies of the encoded protein, mutations can be particularly damaging to a cell or organism. In contrast, any alterations in the sequences of RNA or protein molecules that occur during their synthesis are less serious because many copies of each RNA and protein are synthesized.
Geneticists often distinguish between the genotype and phenotype of an organism. Strictly speaking, the entire set of genes carried by an individual is its genotype, whereas the function and physical appearance of an individual is referred to as its phenotype. However, the two terms commonly are used in a more restricted sense: genotype usually denotes whether an individual carries mutations in a single gene (or a small number of genes), and phenotype denotes the physical and functional consequences of that genotype.
I’m not 100% sure if this is a scientific theory but I’m going with the big bang theory. The big bang theory is a scientist best guess on how the world came to be. A 2013 map of the background radiation left over from the Big Bang, taken by the ESA's Planck spacecraft, captured the oldest light in the universe. This information helps astronomers determine the age of the universe.
