When reading a graduated cylinder, a proper way to do it is to read at the level of the lower or upper meniscus. It is the curve formed at the upper part of a particular liquid that is close the surface of its container. This is caused by the surface tension. It can be in a concave or convex form depending on the characteristics of the liquid. It is important especially in performing laboratory experiments as it indicates the true level of the liquid in the container. When reading from apparatus, the lower meniscus or the upper meniscus is taken as the correct reading otherwise you would record a wrong data.
Answer:
"Old Immigrants" are those moving to the US between 1810 and 1850. These immigrants are similar in that they mostly came to America for the same reason: economic opportunity. Some worked in or started businesses in the major cities.
According
to Sigmund Freud, the source of the most emotional problems that occur in an
individual is the conscious and unconscious mind of an individual that has both
conflict between them and that the shift in the circadian rhythms that occur
during puberty is during when a person or a teen falls asleep naturally and
wakes up later than other children does.
