Hello!! I am going to break down the word first. Vagino means vagina, perineo means perineum (area between the anus and the scrotum), and tomy means to make an incision or cut. The translation would be to make an incision to repair a perineal tear (which means the vagina has separated from the anus). Perineal tears are usually caused by childbirth. I hope I helped and gave the answers you were looking for!! Have a great evening.
Multi cellular organisms are composed of many cells whereas unicellular organisms are composed of single cell. Multicellularity is indeed a progressive attribute of evolution where cells form tissue which forms organ and then organ system and finally an organism. Both multi cellular and unicellular organisms has advantages and disadvantages of their own. One of the main disadvantage of multi cellular organisms is that due to such a complex composition and functioning they require a large amount of energy for their maintenance and survival. Different organs and system require a huge amount of energy when it comes to comparison with unicellular organisms. A large amount of energy is also wasted in all these life processes. Though multi cellular organisms can survive in a variety of environmental conditions but then also their survival is difficult than any unicellular organism.
The answer is:
Glands,Skin,Nails,Nerves and Hair.
I hope this helps :D
Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
