Answer: A. mechanisms for which activity is primarily triggered and shaped by the incoming stimulus information.
Explanation:
Bottom-up mechanism is a process in which a body perceives an incoming stimulus and certain physiological changes occurs in the body working in the direction of upwards that is the signals are transferred to the brain so that the brain could interpret the stimulus. This mechanism suggests the fact that our perceptual experience is based upon the sensory stimuli. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
Trisomy 21, as illustrated by the karyotype, is caused by nondisjunction. This occurs when chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis. 
Answer is D) nondisjunction
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Biotechnology.
Explanation:
Biotechnology may be defined as the field of biology that uses the living organisms to make product by using molecular techniques. Biotechnology involves the different field like  biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing and bioengineering.
The genetic system of the living organism can be modified to obtain the desired products. Artificial insulin is prepared by the application of biotechnology. The new drugs in the market and desired trait in the living organism can be prepared by the biotechnology field.
Thus, the correct answer is biotechnology. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
When the upper water layers warm in the summer months, they become separated from deep water by a transition zone known as a thermocline. In a thermocline, the temperature decreases rapidly with small increases in depth. This phenomenon linking temperature change with depth is called temperature stratification.