C.) Heat transfer by radiation "<span>does not need any matter between the heat source and the heated object"
For Example. - Heat transfer from the Sun does not require any medium in the space to travel into Earth's atmosphere, it can travel in free space (Vacuum)
This is because radiation is emitted. It does not need to be channeled or conducted. So, for this reason, I believe heat from radiation also does not need any matter to conduct it.
A sample with invertebrates like fresh water shrimp and mayfly larva indicates clean water, because these species have very low tolerance for any pollution.