Because the framers of the United States Constitution (written in 1787) believed that protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation’s economic growth, they gave Congress—the national legislature—a constitutional mandate to grant patents for inventions. The resulting patent system has served as a model for those in other nations. Recently, however, scholars have questioned whether the American system helped achieve the framers’ goals. These scholars have contended that from 1794 to roughly 1830, American inventors were unable to enforce property rights because judges were “anticipate” and routinely invalidated patents for arbitrary reasons. This argument is based partly on examination of court decisions in cases where patent holders (“patentees”) brought suit alleging infringement of their patent rights. In the 1820s, for instance, 75 percent of verdicts were decided against the patentee. The proportion of verdicts for the patentee began to increase in the 1830s, suggesting to these scholars that judicial attitudes toward patent rights began shifting then.
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Answer:
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.
Explanation:
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Answer:
All of these choices are correct.
Explanation:
<em>- In Personam Jurisdiction </em>
In personam jurisdiction (or personal jurisdiction) refers to courts' authority over particular entities, and their liabilities & rights.
<em>- In Rem Jurisdiction</em>
In rem jurisdiction refers to courts' authority over property within a county, district, or state.
<em>- Original and Appellate Jurisdiction</em>
Original jurisdiction refers to courts' authority to review a case, and appellate jurisdiction refers to courts' authority to review decisions adjudicated by lower courts.
Answer:
2
Explanation: Each state has two congress members to have a equal amount of representation from each state.
