<span>Before the
Civil War, citizens saw the national government as a distant, even foreign, entity.
</span>
Before Civil War there were of lot of elements contributing
in the concept of a distant, even foreign, entity. For example
slavery and state rights had become inseparably knotted to each other until
186, the national government’s power over the states, the way South lived and
many more were the causes of the concept.
Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
initiator-contributer - suggest goals, procedures, and strategies
help-seeker - puts self down; tries to gain sympathy through confusion about group needs and goals
follower - often functions as an audience rather than an active participant; goes along with the leadership of more aggressive members often functions as an audience rather than an active participant; goes along with the leadership of more aggressive members
opinion seeker - asks other members for their opinions on relevant issues
observer and commentator - keeps record of group interactions and provides information for group evaluation
Professor paragon spends at least half an hour before each class cleaning the whiteboard. even streaks from the cleaning spray create an overwhelming tension for him, and he is preoccupied by the idea that previous markings are dirty and will contaminate his notes. over the past month, his inability to stop washing the board has led to increasingly delayed class start times. professor paragon's anxious thoughts are obsessions and these repetitive behaviors are compulsions. Commonly known as OCD, it is a form of anxiety that causes people to suffer from chronic and unavoidable patterns of unwanted intrusive thoughts that can not be suppressed or ignored despite having the desire to do so.
