The Islam occurred in the sixth century AD, and with its appearance, the first Islamic state appeared on the scene, and later in history numerous Islamic states formed. The Islam unified multiple different tribes, which became a powerful force, and used the opportunity that some of the empires were on the downfall, so they attacked them and quickly expanded. As they were expanding, they were spreading the religion as well, forcing the people to accept it, or if they refused they were persecuted or killed. This has resulted in rapid change of the religious map of multiple regions, with the Islam becoming dominant in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and South Asia. Little by little the vast Islamic state was fracturing, and multiple different states occurred, with the Islamic law being in place. The Islamic states initially were prospering, developing, having big achievements in technology and sciences. Unfortunately, the fundamentalists wing prevailed, and the progress stopped, so the Islamic states started to fall behind, and that can be seen very well in the present.
I beleive it's 4, all of the above. I know it's 1 and 2 for sure!
The Crusades
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Its where parliament overpowers the monarch. Decisions made by the monarch must first pass through parliament.
Muckrakers were the journalists who uncovered corruption in businesses and government.
