The 16th century saw the origins of the scientific revolution in Europe especially centred in the Rennaisance in Italy. Economically this was a response to the burgeoning trade in the Mediterranean between Italian ports and Middle Eastern and North African countries and under the tutelage of rich powerful families like the Medicis and also the transition from feudalism of the Middle Ages to the nascent capitalism in Europe. The geocentric theory of the earth was challenged by Galileo (Italian )and Copernicus (Polish) as a result of the intellectual foment brought in with capitalism. In mining, Georgius Agricola, who was trained as a physician began first-hand investigation of underground mines in the Erzgebirge Mts of Bohemia and wrote the treatise on this called De Re Metallica which was the authority on such mining/milling techniques for 200 years after. This was made possible by the personal investigation of the mines and discussion with the miners and mine managers which was a big break from the classical scholars who often merely speculated on things.
The colonists had problems with taxation without representation is because they had no say in the matter. They would pay the taxes but Europe made the decisions with the money. Not any of the colonists could make the Decision of we need new roads, schools, etc.
Considering that the original 13 colonies were founded in the eastern seaboard of the country and that until the post WWII period the major population centers shifted from the East to the West of the country it is only natural and logical. Indeed, the eastern seaboard was the most industrialized and populated area of the USA for a long time and most immigrants entered the country through New York. Pennsylvania was also heavily industrialized and a major mining area.
With more immigrants pouring in every year, the potential for more criminal acts increased and to keep up, more prisons were necessary. There is also the huge factor of labor rights activism, which was criminalized by employers and judges in order to keep workers docile and submissive. Many strikers and labor unions were incarcerated as well and more prisons were needed for that purpose.
Answer:
Killed many innocent civilians
