I believe the answer is adaptation through evolution. Genetic diversity in populations such as bacteria, allow for new traits to be passed along during reproduction. For example, you use hand sanitizer on your hands. The hand sanitizer kills most of the germs, but a few survive and live to reproduce, passing on their immunity to certain chemicals found in the hand sanitizer. Hope this helps!
D. Chloroplast is only found in plant cells not in animal cells
NADPH is a reduced form of NADP+. The latter features an extra hydrogen ion in its chemical structure. When NADP+ transforms into NADPH, the other hydrogen ion is released as part of the reaction while the other hydrogen ion becomes a part of the NADPH structure.
