<span>By criticizing each of the other
managers' performance, and the overall operation of the cafeteria, the attempt
of the general manager improve group cohesiveness among the management staff is
based on the principle of OUTSIDE PRESSURE, which posits that groups that are
pressured by outside forces tend to be more cohesive.</span>
Explanation:
The long-running debate between the ‘rational design’ and ‘emergent process’ schools of strategy formation has involved caricatures of firms' strategic planning processes, but little empirical evidence of whether and how companies plan. Despite the presumption that environmental turbulence renders conventional strategic planning all but impossible, the evidence from the corporate sector suggests that reports of the demise of strategic planning are greatly exaggerated. The goal of this paper is to fill this empirical gap by describing the characteristics of the strategic planning systems of multinational, multibusiness companies faced with volatile, unpredictable business environments. In-depth case studies of the planning systems of eight of the world's largest oil companies identified fundamental changes in the nature and role of strategic planning since the end of the 1970s. The findings point to a possible reconciliation of ‘design’ and ‘process’ approaches to strategy formulation. The study pointed to a process of planned emergence in which strategic planning systems provided a mechanism for coordinating decentralized strategy formulation within a structure of demanding performance targets and clear corporate guidelines. The study shows that these planning systems fostered adaptation and responsiveness, but showed limited innovation and analytical sophistication
Answer:
its tooooooooooooooooooo length to answer
it have time for this
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Vocational classes provide job focus training for specific roles or careers
Answer:
Legal and environmental.
Explanation:
PEST is a short form for political, economic, social, and technological factors. These are external factors likely to impact business performance. Entrepreneurs should analyze, understand them, and include their effects in business plans.
Other external factors that may affect business performance are legal and environmental.
For the legal factors, an entrepreneur should analyze the impact of possible changes in laws and legal interpretations on their businesses. In the environmental analysis, the entrepreneur should be aware of the industry's environmental regulations and restrictions. They should plan for possible changes in license limitations.
