Solar System[a] is the gravitationallybound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly,[b] including the eight planets and five dwarf planets as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Of the objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets,[c]with the remainder being smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly—the moons—two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury.[d]
Solar System
The Sun and planets of the Solar System (distances not to scale)
Age4.568 billion yearsLocation
Local Interstellar Cloud, Local Bubble,
Orion–Cygnus Arm, Milky Way
System mass1.0014 Solar massesNearest star
Proxima Centauri (4.25ly)
Alpha Centauri (4.37 ly)
Nearest knownplanetary systemProxima Centaurisystem (4.25 ly)Semi-major axis of outer known planet (Neptune)30.10 AU (4.503 billion km)Distance to Kuiper cliff50 AU
Populations
Stars1 (Sun)Known planets
8 (Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune)
Known dwarf planets
Possibly several hundred;[1] five currently recognized by the IAU
(Ceres
Pluto
Haumea
Makemake
Eris)
Known natural satellites
525
(185 planetary[2]
347 minor planetary[3])
Known minor planets778,897 (as of 2018-06-21)[4]Known comets4,017 (as of 2018-06-21)[4]Identified rounded satellites19Invariable-to-galactic plane inclination60.19° (ecliptic)Distance to Galactic Center27,000 ± 1,000 lyOrbital speed220 km/sOrbital period225–250 MyrSpectral typeG2VFrost line≈5 AU[5]Distance to heliopause≈120 AUHill sphere radius≈1–3 ly
The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years agofrom the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are giant planets, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiterand Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called volatiles, such as water, ammonia and methane. All eight planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic.
-Endocytosis includes; phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated: Endocytosis brings substances into the cell, plasma membrane surrounds the substances to be taken in, encloses them in a membrane-bound sac (vesicle) and brings them into the cell
-Phagocytosis: endocytosis of large solid particles (“cell eating”)
-Pinocytosis: endocytosis of extracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes (“cell drinking”)
-Receptor-mediated: highly selective, ligands bind to specific receptor proteins on the plasma membrane and are then taken into the cell
-Exocytosis: the reverse of endocytosis: substances are removed from the cell; vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid; important in nerve cells to release neurotransmitter and secretory cells to release cell products (ex. digestive enzymes, protein hormones).
The temperature below the clouds does not affect the temperature of the precipitation falling. The sleet would change state to liquid water and would fall as rain drops from the sky. ... If the colder air were replaced with warm air, the sleet pellets would change to snowflakes in a solid state.
