Covalent bonds are formed when two non metal atoms share an electron. The atoms either give up or gain an electron, due to the outer shell being unstable.
Answer:
Results
We systematically analyze and compare how different modelling methodologies can be used to describe translation. We define various statistically equivalent codon-based simulation algorithms and analyze the importance of the update rule in determining the steady state, an aspect often neglected. Then a novel probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) model is proposed for modelling translation, which enjoys an exact numerical solution. This solution matches those of numerical simulation from other methods and acts as a complementary tool to analytical approximations and simulations. The advantages and limitations of various codon-based models are compared, and illustrated by examples with real biological complexities such as slow codons, premature termination and feedback regulation. Our studies reveal that while different models gives broadly similiar trends in many cases, important differences also arise and can be clearly seen, in the dependence of the translation rate on different parameters. Furthermore, the update rule affects the steady state solution.
Conclusions
The codon-based models are based on different levels of abstraction. Our analysis suggests that a multiple model approach to understanding translation allows one to ascertain which aspects of the conclusions are robust with respect to the choice of modelling methodology, and when (and why) important differences may arise. This approach also allows for an optimal use of analysis tools, which is especially important when additional complexities or regulatory mechanisms are included. This approach can provide a robust platform for dissecting translation, and results in an improved predictive framework for applications in systems and synthetic biology.
hope it help friends
Sunscreens contain chemical ingredients in their compositions, such as avobenzone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, homosalate, octisalate and octinoxate, which have been linked to health problems such as hormonal disruptions, cancer, as well as liver and kidney changes.
<h3>What is oxybenzone, octocrylene, and homosalate bad for?</h3>
Oxybenzone, octocrylene, and homosalateto protect from UVA also penetrates deep into the skin. The penetration into the human body can cause several problems in human health such as
- allergic reactions
- cell mutation
- deregulation of hormonal processes,
- etc.
With this information, we can conclude that Oxybenzone, octocrylene, and homosalateto is considered a hazardous eye irritant and, as an allergen, is also known to cause skin allergies.
Learn more about Sunscreens in brainly.com/question/20448560
#SPJ
Greenhouse gases are naturally occurring gases that are also produced as a result of human consumption, such as the burning of fossil fuels. They are essential to life in that a gas such as carbon dioxide (Co2) is essential to photosynthesis and the production of oxygen which helps to sustain life. However, the levels of greenhouse gases are far outreaching their natural limits and are having a negative impact on human and animal life.
1. Greenhouse gases are compounds that are able to trap heat in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth's surface warmer than it would be if they were not present. The gases are the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. Increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere enhances the greenhouse effect which is creating global warming and consequently the climate change. These gases are mainly carbon dioxide; metahne, nitrous oxide, and flourinated gases.
2. Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere from animals and plants through the process of respiration and the burning of fossil fuels from industries. .
Animals and plants get rid of carbon dioxide gas through respiration. Carbon may also move from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are burned. Burning of fuels to power factories, power plants, cars and trucks makes carbon to enter the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
