Answer:
antibodies are produced in response to infection and that these antibodies are designed to specifically target particular antigens and bind tightly to them.
Temperature affects spermatogenesis, which functions best at body temperatures just a little lower than those.
<h3>Abstract:</h3>
To keep testicular temperatures below those of the body core, adequate thermoregulation is essential. The process of mammalian spermatogenesis and the resulting spermatozoa are negatively impacted by elevated testicular temperature. Therefore, sperm quality can be affected and the likelihood of infertility is increased by thermoregulatory dysfunction resulting in heat stress. This article reviews a variety of internal and external factors that may lead to testicular heat stress. We go into more detail on how heat stress affects the spermatogenesis process, the resulting epididymal spermatozoa, germ cells, and the alterations that result in the testis.
We also go over the chemical reactions of germ cells to heat exposure and potential processes, such as apoptosis, DNA damage, and autophagy, that could lead to heat-induced germ cell damage. Further explanation is provided for the intrinsic and extrinsic processes involved in the complex mechanism of germ cell death. These intricate apoptotic pathways ultimately result in the demise of germ cells.
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Answer: 0.04metres
Explanation:
The wavelength of a wave is the distance covered by the wave after one complete cycle. It is measured in metres, and represented by the symbol λ
Recall that Velocity (V) = Frequency F x wavelength λ
V = F λ
Make λ the subject formula
λ = V / F
In this case Frequency = 0.4 kHz
Convert kilohertz to hertz by multiplying 0.4 by 1000 i.e (0.4 x 1000Hz) = 400Hz
Velocity of wave = 16 m/s
So, λ = V / F
λ = 16 m/s / 400Hz
λ = 0.04metres
Thus, the wavelength of a wave is 0.04metres
The enzyme pepsin functions with a very low pH of around 2. It is found in the stomach, with the acidity coming from the hydrochloric acid present there. it breaks proteins into amino acids.
Answer:
A. dihybrid crosses
Explanation:
A dihybrid cross can be defined as a mating experiment between two lines/varieties/organisms that differ in two phenotypic traits. By using pea plants, Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in order to analyze the mode of inheritance of both phenotypic traits at the same time. From these mating experiments, Mendel observed that the inheritance factors (nowadays called genes) sorted independently from one another in the next generation, which is called the principle/law of Independent Assortment.
