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I believe the answer is: D. context
For example, let's take a look at this sentence
<em>'you are so stupid!' </em>
Now imagine that sentence being done in two situations;
1. when two close friends is laughing and hugging each other.
2. When a teacher scream that sentence to a student.
These 2 scenarios are what considered as context, which might influence how we perceive the message even though both have the same sentence.
Through firsthand observations of their child