The planning cycle is represented with six steps in our text, but in practice, it has innumerable steps, with many steps that are repeated and reviewed as events unfold, just as a driver checks the map or GPS frequently.
The planning cycle defines the specific goals and shows that how the goals support the vision and mission. Here, the goals should be stated in measurable terms wherever possible.
Planning, and in fact all of the management functions involved, is a cycle which is known to be within a cycle. As for most of the organizations, new goals are continually being made or existing goals may get changed, or new events may get unfold so there planning never ends.
Hence, the planning cycle takes innumerable steps.
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Answer:
d. negotiation
Explanation:
Negotiation is process by which parties in a dispute settle their differences. It aims for achievement of agreement and compromise between the parties, and to avoid argument and dispute. The parties try to achieve the best possible outcome.
Negotiation involves 5 stages:
- Preparation
- Set ground rules
- Clarification and justification
- Bargaining and solving problems
- Implementation
Sally and Tom will try to use the negotiation method to resolve their differences without involving a third party.
Answer:
The APV of a project will be "$88,958.52".
Explanation:
To calculate the APV (Adjusted Present Value):
NPV of a Equity Financing = ![[-Investment+(\frac{Aftertax \ Returns \ year1}{(1+Rate)})+(\frac{Aftertax \ Return \ year2}{(1+Rate)^2})]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5B-Investment%2B%28%5Cfrac%7BAftertax%20%5C%20Returns%20%5C%20year1%7D%7B%281%2BRate%29%7D%29%2B%28%5Cfrac%7BAftertax%20%5C%20Return%20%5C%20year2%7D%7B%281%2BRate%29%5E2%7D%29%5D)
On putting the values in the above formula, we get
= ![[-1020000+(\frac{620000}{1+14 \ percent})+(\frac{720000}{1+14 \ percent^2})]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5B-1020000%2B%28%5Cfrac%7B620000%7D%7B1%2B14%20%5C%20percent%7D%29%2B%28%5Cfrac%7B720000%7D%7B1%2B14%20%5C%20percent%5E2%7D%29%5D)
= ![[-1020000+543859.65+554016.62]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5B-1020000%2B543859.65%2B554016.62%5D)
= $
Present value:
When $320000 is funded with department to be reimbursed in two installments of I, we provide
⇒ $320000 = 
⇒ 
= $
During first year of a installment,
[320000×0.10] = $32000 is of concern interest as well as the remaining
$152380.95 ($184380.95-$32000) seems to be of principal repayment which leaves $167619.05 ($320000-$152380.95) as a debt for the next year.
Now,
APV = ![[NPV \ of \ Financial+Total \ Tax \ Shield]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5BNPV%20%5C%20of%20%5C%20Financial%2BTotal%20%5C%20Tax%20%5C%20Shield%5D)
On putting the values in the above formula, we get
⇒ = ![[77878.27+11082.25]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5B77878.27%2B11082.25%5D)
⇒ = $
Answer:
1. The repeal of some provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933
a. Major contributor
The repeal of some of the provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act led to lesser restrictions on the banking industry which allowed for the kind of investments that banks made leading up to 2008 that led to the crisis.
2. Savvy individual investors
b. Not a major contributor
Savvy individual investors knew how to invest and what to invest in and mostly avoided the securities that caused the crisis.
3. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)
a. Major contributor
The CRA allowed for banks to be able to lend money to lower income households who were the major defaulters on the mortgages which was a major contributor to the crisis.
4. Borrowers lack of financial knowledge
a. Major contributor.
A lot of the borrowers did not understand what they were getting into and so when time came to pay back, they ended up being unable to. A fact which contributed in no small way to the banking crisis.
