This link should help it has all the information you need...
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.08792.pdf
Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly interested in the orexin system for a patient who reports sluggishness and lethargy which impacts their daytime work
A syndrome when victims are unable to sustain regular levels of daytime wakefulness We have made significant advancements in our comprehension of the physiology and operation of the orexin system since these early foundational studies. For instance, the orexin system has been recognized as a crucial modulator of attention, arousal, reward, and neuroendocrine function. Notably, research on animals indicates that orexin function dysregulation is linked to neuropsychiatric conditions including addiction and mood disorders like despair and anxiety.
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Answer:
We have just seen that pathogens constitute a diverse set of agents. There are correspondingly diverse ranges of mechanisms by which pathogens cause disease. But the survival and success of all pathogens require that they colonize the host, reach an appropriate niche, avoid host defenses, replicate, and exit the infected host to spread to an uninfected one. In this section, we examine the common strategies that are used by many pathogens to accomplish these tasks.
Explanation:
The first step in infection is for the pathogen to colonize the host. Most parts of the human body are well-protected from the environment by a thick and fairly tough covering of skin. The protective boundaries in some other human tissues (eyes, nasal passages and respiratory tract, mouth and digestive tract, urinary tract, and female genital tract) are less robust. For example, in the lungs and small intestine where oxygen and nutrients, respectively, are absorbed from the environment, the barrier is just a single monolayer of epithelial cells.
Skin and many other barrier epithelial surfaces are usually densely populated by normal flora. Some bacterial and fungal pathogens also colonize these surfaces and attempt to outcompete the normal flora, but most of them (as well as all viruses) avoid such competition by crossing these barriers to gain access to unoccupied niches within the host.
Answer: The answer is B: The enzyme's active site binds to and stabilizes the transition state, which decreases the activation energy of the reaction.
Explanation: An enzyme is a biological molecule which speeds up the rate of chemical reactions in the body (reactions within cells). They are proteins.
The transition state is the transition from substrate to product. The molecule is no longer a substrate but also not yet a product.
The enzyme is able to speed up the reaction by stabilizing the transition state. The transition state's energy is also the activation energy in terms of reaction. The activation energy is the minimum energy that is required to break some bonds of the reactants in order to turn them to products.
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The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is the chief and force pushing the water and the solutes out of the blood and to across the filtration membrane.
The glomerulus was the filtering unit of the kidney, which s a unique bundle of the capillaries and lined by the delicate fenestrated and endothelia, a complex mesh of the proteins that serve as a glomerular the basement membrane and the specialized visceral epithelial cells that also form the slit diaphragms and in between the interdigitating foot processes
The glomerular capillaries are basically the barrier to the distribution of the large plasma proteins and into urine. the Large proteins such as the albumin and IgM are impeded by the capillaries whereas smaller proteins pass through the filtration barrier into the tubular fluid.
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