<u>Answer</u>:- Active transport
<u>Explanation</u>:-
There are two types of membrane transports
1. Passive transport - this type of transport occurs without the input of any energy and the molecules move along the concentration gradients that is from <em>high concetration to low concentration.</em>
2. Active transport- this type of transport takes place to move the molecules against the concentration gradient that is from <em>low concentration to high concentration.</em>
<em>The active transport is of two types:</em>
1. <em>Primary active transport-</em> in this type of transport <em>ATP</em> is used as an energy source to move the substances against the concentration gradient.
2.<em>Secondary active transport</em> - in this type of transport the gradient formed by the active transport is utilized and it involves the movement of 2 substances at a time aross the membrane. That is the movement of one molecule is coupled to another.
- The membrane proteins that are associated with active transport are called as <em>carrier proteins</em>. These proteins have a binding site for the molecules that they transport. Once they bind to the specific molecules, a conformation change is induced and this leads to the transport of the molecule across the membrane.
So, the <em>active transport is basically responsible for utilizing the energy from ATP and carrier proteins to move the substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient i.e. from low concentration to high concentration.</em>
Answer:
cAMP dependent pathway is important for processing of life.
Explanation:
cAMP pathway is also called as adenynyl cyclase pathway.
This mechanism requires different steps like-
- G protein coupled receptor is a integral protein that is activated by different external stimuli which binds with the specific ligand.
- Extracellular ligand causes activation of GPCR which in turn is responsible for conformational change in the receptor and allows it to bind with the intracellular heterotrimeric G protein complex.
- The Gα stimulate G protein complex to exchange GDP for GTP and then the complex is released.
- Activated Gα binds with adenylate cyclase and catalyzes ATP to form cyclic AMP.
- Activation of cAMP leads to the activation of nucleotide gated ion channel, and PKa(Protein kinase A) which is also called as cAMP dependent enzyme.
- Once, PKA is activated,it causes phospholylation of other proteins like AMPA receptor,transcription factors which regulate gene expression, and convert glycogen into glucose.