The guppies evolved at a rate between 3700 and 45,000 Darwin's. For comparison, artificial-selection experiments on mice show rates of up to 200,000 Darwin's while most rates measured in the fossil record are only 0.1 to 1.0 Darwin.
Guppies introduced to a low-predation environment adapted to their new environment by producing larger and fewer offspring with each reproductive cycle. No such adaptation was seen in guppies that colonized a high-predation
With each generation, more guppies passed on the gene for small spots to their offspring. The rocks became smaller. More guppies with small spots survived long enough to pass on the gene for small spots to their offspring the rocks became smaller.
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Asthma is a chronic disease of the lung that has been increasing at an alarming rate in industrialized countries around the world over the last few decades. Although considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of the disease, the exact causes of the increasing prevalence are unknown. Studies suggest that most asthma develops in early childhood and that environmental factors present early in life may be crucial in the development of disease. One potential explanation for the recent epidemic referred to as the "hygiene hypothesis" postulates that factors that have resulted in a reduction in exposure to microbial products and/or infections in the western world may be contributing to this rise in disease prevalence. As early life influences are known to play an important role in establishment of asthma, studies have focused on the interface between mother and child that occurs during gestation and through breastfeeding. In this regard, the body of evidence regarding the relationship between breastfeeding and asthma indicates benefit but with the potential for risk. While providing population-level protection from infections and atopy in infancy and early childhood, breastfeeding might also pose an increased risk of atopic asthma among children with asthmatic mothers.
Answer:
C3 photosynthesis produces a three-carbon compound via the Calvin cycle while C4 photosynthesis makes an intermediate four-carbon compound that splits into a three-carbon compound for the Calvin cycle. Plants that use CAM photosynthesis gather sunlight during the day and fix carbon dioxide molecules at night.
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